Developing Sustainability Indicators Monitoring For Enterprise Business Essay

Developing Sustainability Indicators Monitoring For Enterprise Business Essay The term sustainability refers to the human desire for an environment that would reap current and future benefits. Sustainability is not an absolute, independent of human conceptual frameworks. Rather it is always set in the context of decisions about what type of system is to be sustained and over what patio-temporal scale.(Allen and Hoekstra 1994) Monitoring process is an emergent and a major management response to the existing challenges in sustainability. It helps in understanding the sustainability systems and its values. Monitoring systems generally focuses on developing the various suitable tools that would help in gauging the relatedness of the sustainability practices. Basically, these monitoring systems reveal the trends and patterns of a sustainable system by constructing a good understanding of those systems. Comparison of future desired conditions with the current state of systems can be established. The changes in the entire system can be easily detected and can be used as an earlier warning against change. The growth and progress of the sustainable system in an enterprise can be effectively measured. Indicators can provide crucial guidance for decision-making in a variety of ways. They can translate physical and social science knowledge into manageable units of information that can facilitate the decision-making process. They can help to measure and calibrate progress towards sustainable development goals. They can provide an early warning, sounding the alarm in time to prevent economic, social and environmental damage. They are also important tools to communicate ideas, thoughts and values because as one authority said, we measure what we value, and value what we measure. Indicators of sustainability are different from traditional indicators of economic, social, and environmental progress. Traditional indicators such as stockholder profits, asthma rates, and water quality measure changes in one part of a community as if they were entirely independent of the other parts. Sustainability indicators reflect the reality that the three different segments are very tightly interconnected, as shown in the figure below: Segmentation of sustainable indicators As this figure illustrates, the natural resource base provides the materials for production on which jobs and stockholder profits depend. Jobs affect the poverty rate and the poverty rate is related to crime. Air quality, water quality and materials used for production have an effect on health. They may also have an effect on stockholder profits: if a process requires clean water as an input, cleaning up poor quality water prior to processing is an extra expense, which reduces profits. Likewise, health problems, whether due to general air quality problems or exposure to toxic materials, have an effect on worker productivity and contribute to the rising costs of health insurance. DESCRIPTION OF ENTERPRISE Sony Ericsson  is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001by the Japanese consumer electronics company  Sony Corporation  and the Swedish telecommunications company  Ericsson  to make mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sonys consumer electronics expertise with Ericssons technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones. Sony Ericsson has strived to maintain the highest standards in our approach to sustainability. Sustainable development and production is considered to be important challenges for the future by Ericsson which demands an immediate action from responsible manufacturers. Sony Ericsson have put into effect a life-cycle approach to product development .Sony Ericsson mobile communications is a global supplier of high graphic and multimedia cell phones with various features along with accessories and pc cards. The products offer a combination of powerful technology with creative applications for mobile such as music, style, imaging, communications and entertainment. The net result is that Sony Ericsson is an enticing brand which opens up new avenues for growth in business for mobile operators and along with offering desirable, fun products to end users. In the nine years period, Sony Ericsson has been operating and it has maintained a rigorous approach to ensuring that it maintains the same standards across all chains. For Sony Ericsson, the approach to sustainability is based on the following principles: To safeguard the future profits in environmental friendly related issues. Improving the living and working conditions of all those who are involved in production of products. Not to make a negative  impact on the consumers. To improve the impact of our products and activities on the environment. Sony Ericsson have focused on low energy consumption chargers.Sony Ericsson will introduce chargers and phones with this interface well ahead of the desired industry timeline. Our portfolio of chargers is already one of the best in the industry in terms of efficiency and energy consumption. The handset was built with fully sustainable materials, the optional charger had minimal no-load power and the concept offered reduced packaging with the elimination of paper manuals. In 2008, Sony Ericsson observers were introduced. The global take back scheme and the green heart project bring us closer to our vision of being a leader in sustainability in the mobile phone industry. Constant improvising is being made by them so as to improve the working conditions and environment. Sony Ericsson set aggressive, absolute targets: Reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions from the full life cycle by 15% till 2015 (based on 2008 year levels) Reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions from So internal activities by 20% till 2015(based on 2008 year levels) Sony Ericson has continues dialogue with the parent companies on the subject of building more sustainable business. Listing Justification Of Indicators Relevant To The Enterprise ECONOMIC INDICATORS: The economic indicator refers to the system of production and consumption (including finance) and refers to the market based and to the unpaid economy. Economic prosperity is a very important element of sustainable development; it allows to combat poverty, to finance remediation of old burdens, to make changes in our development economic policy and market mechanisms must be applied in support of sustainable development, and not against it. Without denying the importance of tools such as legislation, public awareness etc., and the economy is a very powerful tool for sustainable development. Used in the right way, it provides efficient incentives to make choices for sustainable development. These incentives need to be on all levels of society, they must work in favour of sustainable development by: Making sustainable investments both in the public and private sectors profitable, Channelling research into knowledge and solutions for sustainable development Influencing consumption decision on all levels. Tele communication industry is very important for sustainable development as it generates employment wealth as well as it also provides economic benefits to the society. This all attribute raises concerns at both micro- and macro levels. The economic indicators and objective for the each specific indicator is mentioned below: Table.1 Objective Indicators Sufficient supply and goods and services GDP/ capita Efficient wealth creations Total factor productivity, cost, sales Economic systems evolution and Competitiveness Net investment, R D expenditures, Accumulated public and private debt GDP Per Capita: Gross domestic product (GDP) is nothing but the over all average of the increase or decrease of economic growth. GDP is nothing but the market value of all goods and services produced by the economy during the specific period which is often one year.2008 study by Sony Ericsson on the socio-economic impact of mobile communications in Sudan found that mobile phone access generates significant socio-economic benefits for gross domestic product (GDP), notably for people at the base of the economic pyramid. Total factor productivity, cost, sales: In simple language Productivity gives good ability to understand into inflationary pressures, and how much GDP can increase without affecting inflation. With high demand of Sony Ericsson mobiles and the company has decided to reduce operating costs, connectivity is expected to become economically viable for the local operator within three years. Net investment and capital expenditures: This indicator specifies the distribution to providers of capital broken down by interest on debt and borrowings and dividends on all classes of shares. Then Sony Ericsson describes how it has utilise its capital the level of company commitment to socially responsible investing. These are the mentioned sustainable indicators which help the Sony Ericsson, telecommunication industry to sustain in the market. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS: Among the various sustainable indicators available in the monitoring system for the enterprise chosen, the prime importance moves to the environmental indicators as it drives the sustainability core concepts. These environmental indicators provide a measure of the companys impacts over the natural environment entities namely on the human, air, water and land ecosystems. The impacts of such practices can be a local or a global one depending upon the nature of the process. The ultimate target is the stake holders in common. Considering the enterprise of Sony Ericson, the threat is posed over the employees who work in the enterprise. Our enterprise corresponds to the telecom industry where by the scope of analysis for the telecom products and the facilities in Sony Ericson company is tremendous. Hence it is worth to develop indicators for the company to evaluate the effectiveness of its sustainable practices. The sustainability indicators relevant to Sony Ericsson Company are identified as below. Materials- (substances of concern) Energy- (power consumption) Products Transport Air emissions (carbon footprint) The above listed indicators are identified to be more crucial for carrying out sustainable monitoring framework for the company, Sony Ericsson. Materials (substances of concern): Considering the first indicator, materials, it refers to the various elements of concern that are used in the company. Being a strong player in the telecom industry, Sony Ericsson, produces mobile phones that incorporates brominates flame retardants (BFR) on its boards and casings. Moreover poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is also used in the chargers. Hence considering the usage of these materials in the company provides more concern over the sustainability issues in the company. Hence developing this indicator would help in the measurement of sustainability impacts of using such materials inside the company. Energy: For any industry or an enterprise, the usage of energy becomes very essential for its effective functioning. Sony Ericsson is not an exception and as it addresses the energy consumption issue through its chargers for mobile phones. This indicator provides effective measurement of the energy consumption that would help the company to incorporate processes that would lead to lesser energy consumption for the sustainable future. Products: Sony Ericsson continues its operations in the telecom industry through its various ranges of mobile phones and accessories that pose a question whether they are bio-degradable or not. The toxicity levels in the products and their environmental impacts can be measured using this indicator. Hence for a product based company like Sony Ericsson, this indicator becomes very significant for ensuring sustainable practices. Transport: Transport is an inevitable indicator in any sector as the movement of either goods or services becomes a mandatory process in the work areas. Considering Sony Ericsson, the usage of transport service, the kind of modes used, the frequency and intensity of transport processes involved in the company is really high which can affect the environment in many bad ways. Thus this indicator is more relevant to the company in identifying the impact that companys transport operations are projecting towards the environment. Air emissions With a large company like Sony Ericsson, the production capacities for their plants in various locations are tend to be generally larger. This results in the production of more carbon dioxide emissions across the nearby areas of the plant locations. So, careful monitoring of such emissions and controlling it becomes very important for the company to evaluate the amount of air emissions of the company. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS Apart from having economical and environmental sustainability it is as much as important for the company to be socially important too. Since every company they are socially bounded, it is important for them to be connected with the society. For a company to be effective and sustainable, both the individual and community resources need to be developed and used within the context of four guiding principles equity, social inclusion and interaction, security, and adaptability. Telecoms industry is playing as a very important player in shaping up the economy. The five main indicators of Sony Ericsson for social sustainability are as follows: Stakeholder involvement Human rights and business ethics Equal opportunities and non- discrimination Health and safety Bribery and corruption Sony Ericsson maintains good monitoring systems on this sustainability to have better output. Stake holder involvement Stakeholders are those who have a direct relationship to, or are affected by, our business. They include investors, customers, employees, suppliers, industry partners, governments, end-users, non-governmental organizations and the media. So it is important for any organisation to have a good relationship with them. By having sustainable relationships with the stakeholder provide the company with long run benefits. Stakeholder involvement towards a particular company creates a good image for the company among the public. Human rights and business ethics Business engagement in human rights is not only a responsibility but also an opportunity. It is very crucial for any company to behave in a socially and ethically exemplary way and operates business in compliance with all national laws and regulations. This is a main indicator for company to find out whether it is sustainable or not. Equal opportunities and discrimination One of the main indicators that should be addressed in sustainable development requires companies to provide equal opportunities to all regardless of their gender, race and disabilities. Most of the research identifies that gender disparity as one of the important issues that need to be addressed by the industry, including attracting more women into professional jobs. By having equal opportunities make the company to have better sustainable practices. Health and safety: Health and safety is one the most important indicator that production industry should concern about. Providing employees with health and safety standards must be addressed properly. The action plan included installing protective railings, improving processes and equipment for chemicals handling, and implementing health and safety procedures for corrective and preventive action. Bribery and corruption: Another main issue that should be addressed the companies is bribery and corruption. Sometimes as like human rights problems, is a large scale problem that cannot be addressed the companies. So companies must make careful consideration in regard to this problem which has a direct impact on sustainability of any company. CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF LISTED INDICATORS Justification For The Economic Indicators: China, India, Indonesia and Brazil are among Sony Ericssons 10 largest markets in sales share. Emerging markets represent around one third of global GDP, and network sales in emerging markets grew an estimated 15 percent in 2008, representing over half of network sales. High growth market: The above mentioned statistical data proves that the Sony Ericssons GDP is increasing to sustain in the market. Moreover, connectivity is an instrument to generate economic opportunity. In fact, a 2007 Deloitte analysis of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the middle east and Asia pacific confirms that a 10 percent increase in mobile penetration leads to a 1.2 percent increase in gross domestic product (GDP) in developing countries twice the equivalent impact in developed markets. Applying life- cycle thinking to telecom network helps reduce the total cost of ownership for customers by demonstrating how to optimize energy. Two studies conducted by Sony Ericsson in 2008 showed in the lowest segments, money transfer, learning and mobile applications in health are in high demand. This shows that the company is done the research and addressed the capital investments, profit and share holders value to sustain in the market. Table.2 categories of economic indicators: Provides information on /measures Economic issues addressed Stake holders directly affected Main customers, market share contribution to GDP Contribution to GDP and wealth creation Customers, national governments Financial viability of business and wealth creation Capital investments, profits, share holders value, wealth creation, revenue distribution Shareholders, creditors, insurers Types of product, sales, earnings, values added Sales, earnings and value added Employees, customers, creditors, shareholders. Thus the above mentioned Economic Indicators as provided information on measures and also addressed the economic issues and how the stakeholders are directly affected. The additional indicators include generally- applicable measures of economic performance such as earnings before interest and tax. The micro economic issues have traditionally dominated business decision making with a focus on short term returns, which is in the telecommunication industry often based on production volumes rather than on valued added products and services. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS: Indicator material The material indicator provides information about the various substances and elements that are used in the products and processes of the company namely Sony Ericsson. The various chemical substances like PVC, BFR and lead in the manufacturing of mobile phones and its accessories are taken into account in this indicator. One of the main substances highlighted by the media is brominates flame retardants (BFR) that reduces the risk of fires in the mobile phones. The major risk of BFR is that it becomes a dioxin under uncontrolled incineration. The company also strives to removes this substance from its charger and cable cases. Thereby the company has phased out the BFR in most of its products. Moreover Sony Ericsson takes the pride of becoming the first mobile phone firm to eradicate the entire use of BFR in its products. The other major substance is the poly vinyl chloride (PVC) because it releases hydrochloric acid and dioxins that gets accumulated in the animal fat and causes cancer to human due to the various carcinogens. Sony Ericsson worked hard to find alternatives for PVC and finally from 2007 all new Sony Ericsson products were PVC free. Other substances of concern were the phthalates, beryllium and antimony were also found hazardous and hence as an attempt to go environment friendly, the Sony Ericsson products are now almost free from such elements which can be very well evident from the companys report over sustainability. Table.3 sustainable indicator framework for social sustainability Indicator Provides information on/ measures Environmental issue(s) addressed Stakeholders directly affected/interested Materials Use of substances of concern like PVC, BFR, beryllium etc. Use and depletion of resources Suppliers, contractors, NGOs, national governments Energy Energy use and efficiency, use of renewable resources of energy. Use of energy resources, contribution to global warming. Suppliers, contractors, local communities, NGOs, national governments. Product Environmental impacts of products life cycle Environmental impacts of products like product toxicity. Customers, NGOs, national governments, insurers and creditors. Transport and logistics Transport distances for products and with respect to employees Intensity of transport activity carried out, use of non-renewable resources etc. Contractors, suppliers, local communities and authorities, national government and NGOs Air emissions Contribution to air, water and land pollution Air effluents, carbon emission, related environmental impacts Local communities and authorities, national governments, NGOs, creditors, shareholders. Indicator -energy The indicator provides measures on the usage of the energy and its efficiency and the usage of renewable sources of energy. With respect to the company, Sony Ericsson the mobile phones and their chargers come into picture regarding the energy or power consumption. Considering the total energy life cycle impact of a mobile phone, there is a no load power consumption issue. Sony Ericsson tried to reduce this and achieved a 0.15 w of average no load power in its mobile phone chargers. Indicator product The product indicator provides information about the environmental impacts that happens throughout the life cycle of the product. It exhibits the other hazardous and toxic properties of the mobile phone products and its accessories of Sony Ericsson. The product gathers more importance in identifying the measure of the sustainability in a company like Sony Ericsson as the entire business rolls out of its products. The company has come up with the initiative towards the development of the mobile phone product that is environmentally sustainable. In 2008, the company initiated a concept called green heart. According to this concept, the entire life cycles of products are revised and the usages of various elements are identified to be environmental friendly. Indicator transport and logistics: The indicator provides information about the distances involved in the transportation of products and the employees as well in the company. This indicator throws light on the usage of the various non-renewable resources and the corresponding emissions that would pose a considerable threat to the environment. Sony Ericsson collaborates with the logistics companies so as to reduce the impact of transport on the overall carbon footprint. The company framed out a separate environmental friendly guideline in selecting the vehicles and fuels for its transport operations. According to the life cycle assessment made by the company in 2008, it was found that 3.7 kg of carbon dioxide emission resulted out of the transportation of which 90% contributed from the outbound transportation. Thus the serious efforts have to be made to join with Logistics Company and reduce the weight of packaging as well so that overall impact of transportation can be minimized. Indicator air emissions (carbon footprint) The indicator provides information about the amount of pollutants that the company introduces to the land, air and water ecosystems. It also defines the level and severity of the impact and the corresponding impacts on the environment. Sony Ericsson has been planning out for larger volumes of production because of business constraints and this causes a larger emission of carbon dioxide into the air. The three major activities were identified to contribute towards carbon emission namely factories, offices and travel. Table.4 Table.5 The impact of business travel is another problem accounting for higher carbon emission. Reducing the long distance travel by introducing alternative meeting arrangements like Tele-Presence systems, an advanced video conferencing technique have been initiated as an effective alternative to reduce business travels. These all techniques were thought for reducing the companys total carbon emission from its business operations. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS: Companies are paying more attention to the social dimension of sustainable development, mainly due to an experienced shift in stakeholder pressures from environmental to social-related concerns. During the last decades of the 20th century, various significant steps were taken to draw the social dimension of sustainable development into open. Sony Ericsson has taken the following social issues for their sustainability in the market. Stakeholder involvement Human rights and business ethics Equal opportunities and non- discrimination Health and safety Bribery and corruption Table.6 sustainable indicator framework for social sustainability Indicator Provides information on/ measures Social issue(s) addressed Stakeholders directly affected/interested Stakeholder involvement The level of commitment to external stakeholder Stakeholder involvement All external stakeholder Human rights and business ethics The level of commitment to protecting human rights of all stakeholders, employees Human rights and business ethics. All stakeholders, employees, trade unions. Equal opportunities and non-discrimination The level of commitment to non-discrimination and to provide equal opportunities Equal opportunities and non-discrimination Employees, trade unions, national governments Health and safety Employee health and safety Health and safety Employees, trade unions, national governments Bribery and corruption The approach to avoiding bribery and corruption Bribery and corruption Local communities and authorities, national governments, NGOs, creditors Indicator stakeholder involvement Board participation is crucial for the implementation of underlying values for sustainable development and preservation of cultural values. Therefore, involvement of local communities and other stakeholders is crucial in decision making process. Sony Ericsson seeks to respond promptly to stakeholder concerns. They conduct an annual stakeholder survey identifying the top-ranked social, environmental and economic issues for customers and investors. They measure employees views in annual surveys and polls. In 2008, both investors and customers were particularly interested in supply chain management. Indicator -human rights and business ethics Protection of human rights is another relevant sustainability of the social concern that should be addressed when considering electronics industry. Sony Ericsson respects all human rights, including the right to freedom of expression of ideas and as tools for democracy. At times the telecom industry can encounter conflicts in realisation of these rights. Sony Ericsson is addressing the relevant issues to us and our market, but at present, considers that the main concerns in this area fall within the operators domain. As society understands of these issues evolves and the border between operator and vendor changes, Ericsson will reassess its position. Indicator -equal opportunities and non- discrimination Addressing sustainable development requires companies to provide equal opportunities to all regardless of their gender, race or disabilities. Sony Ericsson is making headway in a male dominated industry, and the number of women in the workforce increased worldwide from 12,000 in 2004 to more than 17,000 today. The number of women occupying the top 200 roles increased from 12 percent in 2007 to 13 percent in 2008, while those in line management positions remained steady at 18 percent. Our objective is to develop a management team in which the number of females is proportionate to the female workforce as a whole Sony Ericsson leadership development initiative for employees nurtures key capabilities and competencies and helps set clear goals. We seek to strengthen and deepen leadership qualities at all levels of the organization. During 2008, we launched 122 training sessions to support the initiative and 1,979 managers participated, compared to 78 sessions and 1,281 participants in 2007. To maximize learning opportunities, we mix classroom sessions with informal learning such as mentoring, job rotation, coaching, and interactive feedback. This provides employees with practical support in developing the skills to spearhead and service technological convergence. Indicator health and safety In addition to wages and benefits that are universally important, one of the employee-related issues related to occupational health and safety. Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a global priority for Ericsson. In 2009 we will align our existing locally tailored OHS approach with a globally coordinated system applicable to all markets. Unit heads will ensure that they set appropriate OHS standards that are realistic, attainable and consistent with local operating conditions and legislation. During the year we will finalize a group policy on OHS that will be rolled out throughout the business. . Indicator -bribery and corruption Corruption is one of the main obstacles in equal distribution of wealth. The Ericsson group management system, implemented and monitored wherever we do business, ensures integrity and high standards of conduct. A whistle blower procedure is in place for employees to report violations relating to accounting, internal controls and procedures or fraudulent practices. In 2008, all market unit employees took the anti-corruption e-learning. We also offer training courses educate employees on the code of business ethics and anti-corruption. CONCLUSION Sustainable development has become very significant especially in the telecom industry. In order to respond to the various sustainability challenges forced in the industry, sustainable development becomes very crucial. The framework for the monitoring system developed with the corresponding indicators; provide a comprehensive tool for measuring sustainability in the telecom industry. The proposed indicators in the above discussion, addresses to the key environmental, social and economic issues that are prevalent in the tel

Milk Analysis

Milk The movie â€Å"Milk† was based on a true story of a gay activist in San Francisco, Harvey Milk. Milk shows his story through his statements through a recording made before he was assassinated. He narrated what happened to him during the last eight years of his life (40-48). It showed how confidently Milk went out of the closet and fight for the rights of gays. Milk became the representative of the growing population of gays in San Francisco. Milk eventually ran for the office because being in the office will be the best way to easily fight for gay rights.Milk won and at the same time, another politician who was against the ideologies of Milk won also, Dan White. This marks the growing conflicts between the two. White regards gay as social deviants. Not only did he consider gays as social deviants but also Asians especially the Chinese people but Milk showed no hostility towards White in fact he tried to work professionally as co-politicians with White but in the end of t he movie, Milk was killed by White.Relating to the course, homosexuals can be considered as deviants because they violate the gender norms which includes only male and female but for me, homosexuals nowadays should not be cons idered deviants at all because a large percentage of the world’s population includes homosexuals already and as I can remember through our discussions in class, in order to be considered deviant, these people should represent only a small number of people but relating to the movie, what Milk has done can be considered as tertiary deviance. Tertiary deviance is a deviant act when an individual tries to label a deviant act as non -deviant.As portrayed in the movie, Milk fought for gay rights. He wanted people to regard gays as equal with the heterosexuals and normal people. In the movie, Milk managed his being homosexual through his charismatic characteristics as a gay activist he believed that he can be an effective re presentative of the gay community b ecause a lot of people liked him whether gay or straight. A lot of people supported his ideas since he was the first ever gay who had been elected for a position in the government. The society had different reaction to Milk’s actions.There are people who like him and supported him and there are also people who stayed as homophobic and believed that gay people should not be given jobs as teachers because they believe that these gays will just teach their children to also be gays. Reactions of people were different from one another depending on the perspective of the people and the belief that they hold onto. If these people are openminded, they would react to the gay activism as a normal behavior b ut in the movie it seemed that there are people who cannot take the fact that there are other people in the society who hold different beliefs.A lot of factors can be considered why these people stay close-minded to the social realities. This is may be because of how they were broug ht up. Family, especially parents has great impact on your beliefs while you grow up. Another factor is religion. Religion has the power to make people follow its beliefs and hold onto it as much as possible. I also consider Dan White as deviant because he committed murder against a co-politician who is against his ideologies.

Christian Influences on the Modern World

Despite its numerous branches, Christianity as a whole is the religion practiced by majority of world’s population. Ever since its beginnings in the first century AD, it grew exponentially. Massive numbers of its followers have caused it to have considerable influence on the world culture. Since the majority of its followers were from what is considered the western world, the influence of Christianity on it was greater than elsewhere. The impact of Christian philosophy in the areas of politics, economy, business, law, education, science and human relations will be discussed in this report.While the issues discussed are contemporary, the historical aspects are also presented. The educational system of countries under theocratic governance is influenced to a greater extent by it than any other institution. The reason for this is simply that the process of educating requires the presentation of ideas and theories whose validity is established by the governing authority. Where oth er institutions concerning business, health, etc†¦ already have an established infrastructure, the educational institution can be completely remodeled and molded into any shape that is desired.Those countries that practice extreme forms of theocracies generally concentrate in providing religious education and ignoring other subject areas [1]. Some of the subject matter may be considered extravagant resulting in its exclusion from the curriculum. At the same time, through religious influence, young minds can be channeled into maintaining the cultural aspects of the nation that themselves could have been shaped by the religion [2]. Christianity has played an influential role affecting western societies throughout history. The command of Christianity was greater in the past centuries and has gradually decreased.Today its influence is very low and constantly fading. In the 18th and 19th century, Christian education was extremely important to the education of a child. More so than a ny other subject matter, the moral aspect of life was given more importance. However as time passed and knowledge grew, especially in the field of science, other subject matter grew in their precedence. Nevertheless, religious education was not neglected. However, in the early 20th century, the education of the origin of life contradicted the religious education concerning that matter. This issue was taken to court and the court decided in favor of the religious side [3].Half a century later, when opponents questioned the constitutionality of prayers in public schools, the matter went to the Supreme Court and the decision this time resulted in the abolishment of prayers from schools. This was the turning point in the influence of Christianity on education. From this point on, the influence of Christianity on education has been minimal and public school education has been completely secularized. Christianity’s influence on business is not easy to perceive. The effect of other religions on business, such as Islam’s effect on the business practices in the Middle East is easily observable.Some of the many influences of Islam on business in a country practicing Islam include closing and opening shops at only certain periods of the day, having certain religious holidays, donating certain amount of the profit to the local Muslim charity and so on. Likewise, the effect of Judaism on business is easily observed when those practicing Judaism don’t open their places of business on Saturdays in order to keep Sabbath and not buying or selling of any â€Å"non-kosher† food items. Looking at all these practices, it seems that Christianity stands out because it does not seem to have any influence on the business practices of our current world.This may seem true because those nations that had practiced Christianity in the past have for the most part separated religion from social aspects of life. Nevertheless, the current business practices of the w estern world have been influenced by Christianity in complex and subtle ways. One of the effects of Christianity is the very existence of the capitalist nature of the businesses in countries that had been influenced by Christianity. In the past when capitalism was under attack by communism, one of the chief aspects of anti-communism propaganda was claiming communism to be an anti-Christian ideology.This idea is not as far-fetched as it seems. The idea that hard working people should be rich and idle people should be poor originated from biblical passages which say that a man who does not work shall not eat. There are other biblical passages which advocate that hard work is blessed by God. Thus the idea of a capitalist country where every individual tries his/her best to gain wealth and is not hindered from doing so originated in many ways from the Christian culture. This idea also reveals how communism stood in the opposite position since the wages of every worker would be fixed reg ardless of the work put in.Apart from the above mentioned influences, similar influences are hard to pinpoint. However, they still do exist. As an example, the keeping of business places closed on Sunday is the direct result of the dedication of Sunday as a day of rest as it was established by the Catholic Church. In the current period, Christianity did attempt to make an influence in the business practices of the western world when credit cards were gaining fame and becoming part of the society. Christian influence attempted to oppose the trend because Bible passages indicated that a person should never borrow money but live by what he/she owns.Thus a hurdle was setup by this concept but it did not have much effect and credit cards became part of society. However, this indicates that Christianity is not as influential as it used to be and its power is fading. It has always been supposed and portrayed that science and Christianity stand on opposite sides. The proponents of each side for the most part believe that they will be at war with each other. And this is not an unfounded belief either because the Christian account of creation has always conflicted with the account of evolution which is accepted by the majority of scientists.The Supreme Court of the United States had upheld the scientists’ right to teach the theory of evolution in public schools and the struggle by the Christians to abolish that right has faded, since the Christians have understood that no court is going to rule in their favor [4]. However, this loss of Christianity was a major one because not only did it affect other scientific areas but it also affected aspects of culture, education, morality, etc†¦ If the very claim that God made everything could be contested and the new ideology is going to take dominance then all aspects of lifestyles will change for those who accept the new belief.And this change has already taken place and it is advancing further. The modern gay rights movement and the abortion movement though seem not to have any roots in this science VS Christianity battle, but it is only logical to perceive that the opponents of these movements are backed up by their religious belief which holds an opposing view of morality than those that the proponents of these movements hold. Regardless of the past defeats, the Christian movement has been putting up a fight against the popular claims of science in the field of biology.While the explanation for the origin of life has been attributed to the theory of evolution by its proponents, the lack of major fossil evidence as highly supposed by the early founders of this belief as well as the mostly unexplainable aspects of the complexity of life has brought into question the validity of this entire belief system. While the proponents of the theory of evolution have no answers to these new confounding problems, the lack of any supporting evidence to the original Christian belief has hindered its success into its own reestablishment.Nevertheless, the Christian side did wage a war and has attempted to take the matter of teaching their view to public school students through the idea of â€Å"Intelligent Design† to the Supreme Court. Even though the Christian side lost, their opposition is still strong and only time can determine the ultimate fate of this issue. While the influence of Christianity on most aspects of life in America has resulted in its weakening ability to maintain its power, its influence on politics stands out.Politics is the only field where Christian views regardless of the class of voters has mostly prevailed. In fact, a presidential candidate is not likely to be elected to the White House unless he reveals Christian upbringing or at least Christian views. Not only is politics inconsistent with the rest of the social structures, it is the only field that stands in utter contradiction since it had officially separated itself from all religious influences thr ough the concept of â€Å"separation of Church and State† first presented through the Constitution of America.While in other structures of society, Christianity stands in opposition to the trends and aspirations of the culture which for the most part picks liberal views over the conservative ones, in the case of politics, it is only the candidate running for his/her seat whose views are considered. The voters seem to hold the view that a candidate from a Christian background is moral and thus necessary to maintain a stable structure of the American way of life. This is not to say that the voters choose an anti-abortion or anti-gay candidate as their elected official.But the voters pick a candidate who describes his choices as being motivated by Christian views even though his interpretations of Christian morality may completely oppose Christian teachings. Thus in light of all these events and opinions, Christianity still holds its power in the field of politics although the o ther institutions have mostly rejected and ousted it. Christianity has played a crucial role in relationships, be it marital, single or family relations. Christianity teaches its followers to live with morality, and has set out a series of rules and regulations.These rules include abstinence and the legal binding of two individuals through marriage. Christianity strictly forbids sex before marriage. Whether practicing Christians follow this trend is in question due to a lack of reliable statistical data. However, many Christians choose to interpret these rules to fit their own needs and desired views. Such is the case where Christian children are taught to â€Å"respect their elders† and parents are encouraged to â€Å"discipline their children† [5].Whether â€Å"discipline† is meant as a corporal form of punishment or limiting the child’s recreational activities is left to the user’s interpretation. However, the teachings of the Bible/Christianity have often been used as justification or an excuse to abuse children This form (corporal punishment) of abuse is detrimental to a child’s physical and mental health and thus Christianity is often labeled the culprit and seen in bad light due to the fact that many infer that Christianity condones the abuse of children. From 1970 to 2000 the majority of U. S. tates voted to ban corporal punishment on a child the only exception being Ohio [6]. Christianity had influenced the modern world ever since its conception. Since the west has influenced the rest of the world dramatically, it can be said that Christianity itself has influenced the entire world. However, despite being a major religion of the world, the influence of Christianity has been fading in the past few centuries. For a majority of its existence it was the primary dictator of various ideologies. Drastic turn- around from this practice as witnessed in the contemporary orld will no doubt create a fundamentally differen t society. Whether for good or for worse, the effects of our presently upheld ideologies will only be known in its time.References1] http://worldblog. msnbc. msn. com/archive/2007/10/26/433457. aspx2] http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1874471. stm 3] http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/10545387/  

Marie Curie Quotes Wise Words About Science and Life

With her husband, Pierre, Marie Curie was the pioneer in researching radioactivity. When he died suddenly, she refused a government pension and instead took his place as a professor at the University of Paris. She was awarded a Nobel Prize for her work, then became the first person to win a second Nobel Prize, and she is the only Nobel Prize winner who is also the mother of another Nobel Prize winner—Irà ¨ne Joliot-Curie,  daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. Selected Marie Curie Quotations I never see what has been done; I only see what remains to be done. Another version:  One never notices what has been done; one can only see what remains to be done. Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. We must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must be done for itself, for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chance that a scientific discovery may become like the radium a benefit for humanity. I am among those who think that science has great beauty. A scientist in his laboratory is not only a technician: he is also a child placed before natural phenomena which impress him like a fairy tale. A scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician: he is also a child confronting natural phenomena that impress him as though they were fairy tales. You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individuals. To that end, each of us must work for his own improvement, and at the same time share a general responsibility for all humanity, our particular duty being to aid those to whom we think we can be most useful. Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit. Without doubt, these dreamers do not deserve wealth, because they do not desire it. Even so, a well-organized society should assure to such workers the efficient means of accomplishing their task, in a life freed from material care and freely consecrated to research. I have frequently been questioned, especially by women, of how I could reconcile family life with a scientific career. Well, it has not been easy. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained. I was taught that the way of progress is neither swift nor easy. Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained. Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas. I am one of those who think like Nobel, that humanity will draw more good than evil from new discoveries. There are sadistic scientists who hurry to hunt down errors instead of establishing the truth. When one studies strongly radioactive substances special precautions must be taken. Dust, the air of the room, and ones clothes, all become radioactive. After all, science is essentially international, and it is only through lack of the historical sense that national qualities have been attributed to it. I have no dress except the one I wear every day. If you are going to be kind enough to give me one, please let it be practical and dark so that I can put it on afterwards to go to the laboratory. (about a wedding dress) Quotes About Marie Curie Albert Einstein: Marie Curie is, of all celebrated beings, the only one whom fame has not corrupted. Irene Joliet-Curie: That one must do some work seriously and must be independent and not merely amuse oneself in life—this our mother has told us always, but never that science was the only career worth following.

The Holocaust And The Bosnian Genocide - 1837 Words

Two terrifying events in earth’s history are the German Holocaust and the Bosnian genocide. Both are similar in the ways they horrified and innocently killed their victims. They massacred based on which religion you believed in. We all know that the Jews were victims to the Nazis, but not many know that Muslims were the unlucky recipient of the Bosnian genocide. Also, the techniques used to innocently kill the persecuted group are parallel. How these genocides occurred is very alike; this includes each leader. During both crises, millions of innocent citizens were brutally killed before the United States of America came to help and fight the oppressors. The German Holocaust is the most well known horrific massacring event in the world. This occurred during World War II in Western Europe when anti-Semitism, ethnic hatred, and nationalism prompted countries to join with the Nazi administration in the destruction of European Jews. Over a few Axis states, fascist military associations terrorized, robbed, and killed indigenous Jews, either under German direction or on their own. In these states and others, military personnel and the police played a main part in the expropriation, concentration, and extradition of Jewish occupants in their nations (â€Å"Holocaust†). The â€Å"Holocaust Encyclopedia† best describes the German Holocaust as: The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and itsShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust And The Bosnian Genocide1784 Words   |  8 PagesA genocide is a horrible kind of war. It is a mass killing and tortur ing of innocent people who do not deserve any of it. There are many stages of genocides, which may or may not go in the same order. The Holocaust, being the largest genocide and a horrible point in history, is similar and different to the Bosnian/Croatian genocide. Although many aspects lead up to these genocides and other similar wars, there are possible measures that could have been taken to prevent all of this. No human shouldRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Bosnian Genocide1310 Words   |  6 PagesMerriam-Webster Dictionary defines the word â€Å"genocide† as â€Å"the killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group† (Merriam). But aren’t genocides much more then that? Over the past hundred years, there have been several attempted genocides around the world. Two of the most well-known genocides are the Holocaust (the Nazi’s attempt to destroy the Jewish people) and the Bosnian genocide (the Serbians attempt to destro y the Bosnian population). This paper analyzes a politicalRead MoreFascism to Genocide - 968 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents on the Holocaust (Strasser 26). During the Holocaust, the German dictator, Adolf Hitler, was lured in by the power that an autocratic society provides. He and his group, the Nazi Party, captured and executed millions of Jews in order to benefit Germany with ethnic cleansing. The Holocaust is one of the most infamous genocides in history. â€Å"Genocide† is defined as â€Å"the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group† (â€Å"Genocide†). According toRead MoreThe Bosnian Genocide Was A Mass Killing1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bosnian genocide was a mass killing similar to the Holocaust that occurred in Bosnia Herzegovina shortly after the separation from the former state of Yugoslavia, disbanded in 1992 due to the Yugoslav Wars (The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992 - 1989–1992 - Milestones - Office of the Historian.). Akin to most other genocides that have previously been recorded throughout history, the Bosnian genocide was caused by part of the population believing they had second-rate citizens in their land,Read MoreGenocide And The Holocaust772 Words   |  4 Pages Genocide is one of the most tragic events that can happen around the world. Identifying the stages is the most crucial part of stopping these horrible acts. The Bosnian Genocide and the Holocaust could have been prevented or stopped if the 8 stages were properly identified . There are 8 stages of genocide and the first stage is Classification. Classification is putting people into groups based on race, ethnicity, and religion. These groups usually are separated into the superior people and the inferiorRead MoreA Brief Look at the Bosnian Genocide Essay947 Words   |  4 Pages They occur and we neglect to notice the unearned inequity. Even though genocide is difficult encounter as actuality it is. The Bosnian genocide was a heartbreaking event that caused misery and loss of lives to 100,000 with 80,000 being of the Bosnian culture (Bosnia-Herzegovina). March 1, 1992-December 14, 1995 35 dreadful months for the Bosnians. If you think of all the terrifying things done to them they would sometimes rather be dead than alive. Could imagine being in so much agony you wouldRead MoreThe Bridge Over The Drina1139 Words   |  5 PagesThis quote references Bosnia, yet it does not reference the 1992 genocide. In fact, the author of this quote died decades before General Josep Tito, decades before the first rumblings of the fall Yugoslavia, and decades before the first atrocity was committed. In his book, Love Thy Neighbor, Peter Maass includes this quote from Nobel Prize winning Yugoslav author, Ivo Andrić’s novel, The Bridge over the Drina, to reveal how the seemingly peaceful multicultural arrangement between Muslims and ChristiansRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Greek Word That Means `` Sacrifice By Fire ``1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust Holocaust is a Greek word that means â€Å"sacrifice by fire† and this was a theme which the Nazis used against the Jewish population after they came in power in January of 1933. Jews were not the only race that were targeted during this period. The Gypsies, the disabled, the Poles, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and also the Russians were also part of the different groups that were targeted by the Nazis when their reign began in 1933. The Jews endured the most impact of the HolocaustRead MoreGenocide during the Bosnian War1086 Words   |  5 PagesRaphael Lemkin described genocide as acts of barbarism that should be outlawed, even in times of war. Lemkin is right. Genocide is a cruel vicious act that I do not wish upon my greatest enemies. It is torture and death. A lot of people think genocide is a thing of the past. After all it is 2014 already. We are so much more advanced and connected then back during the time of the Holocaust. A genocide started just 22 years ago and it was during the Bosnian War. The Bosnian Genocide was atrocious becauseRead MoreGenocide Essay997 Words   |  4 Pages Unfortunately, genocide and mass killings happen in many places around the world and bring destruction to thousands of people. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Some genocides occur due to small, invading groups of people, or one dictator in power who dreams of a â€Å"pure† land to rule. Others occur because of a country’s own government and the people in it who wish to change the makeup of their country

Domestic Violence Societal Perspective - 2421 Words

Domestic Violence A Societal Perspective Everyone is different with a unique set of values which shapes our beliefs and views that affect our personal behavior. Domestic violence can happen to anyone no matter the race, ethnicity, or social economic status. According to Babcock, Gree, and Robie (2004), domestic violence is a learned behavior and is defined by the North Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence (2014) as â€Å" †¦ a pattern of domination in which perpetrators intentionally choose to cause fear, injury, and/or pain in order to gain and maintain power and control over their partners.† When defining the parties involved in domestic violence disputes, a batterer and/or victim can be male or female. For the purpose of research results we will discuss the batterer being male and the victim as female. The process of understanding domestic violence includes understanding societal norms, the batterer’s perspective and the victim’s perspective. We will also examine the use of power a nd control, characteristic of a batterer, †¦process of understanding domestic violence from a batterer’s and victim’s perspective, societal norms, and services offered for the batterer and victim. Social Norms Each situation within society has its own guidelines to follow and is determined based on the particular group. Wesley Perkins and Alan Berkowitz founded the social norms theory in 1986. The social norms theory, are rules that a group use to determine behaviors, attitudes,Show MoreRelatedRelation Between Traditional And Modern Societies Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: According to family violence clearinghouse, intimate partner violence consists of physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse, intimidation, harassment, economic abuse damage to property and threats or sexual abuse towards an intimate partner. Whilst intimate partner is defined as spouses, co-habiting partners, dating partners, boyfriend/girlfriend and separated or divorced partners. (Rayner-Thomas, Fanslow, Dixon, 2014, p. 4) Sociologist, Emile Durkheim was well-known for his understandingRead MoreThe Social Issue Of Homelessness1055 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is a social issue which extends beyond a lack of housing and includes the complexities of social and economic concerns such as domestic violence, child abuse, trauma and addictions, mental health, insufficient income, health complications, involvement with the justice system, and poverty. Homelessness is a difficult phenomenon to define as it is dependent upon societal constructs, mainly revolving around the concept of ‘home’ and how it is largely influenced by family structures more so than itRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Relationships1379 Words   |  6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence One of the biggest problems that have been happening in some households over the last numbers of years is intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV has been identified as a world-wide public health concern (Kulwicki and Miller, 1999). The term intimate partner violence has been defined as the physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual abuse between a person and their spouse, this includes cohabitation and marriage. This type of violence will usually involve harm/control from oneRead MoreViolence in Sports1840 Words   |  7 PagesLevel 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where youRead MoreViolence Against Children and Women702 Words   |  3 Pagesnumerous years, violence against children and women has not only been accepted and tolerated as an ordinary practice, but it has as well been encouraged. Patriarchal societies across the world view children and women as being submissive members of a family while men hold dominant roles. Laws and the society have often promoted a mans rights to manipulate and control his family, even through violence, from the olden days to the present world. Domestic violence refers to aggression or violence perpetratedRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Intimate Partner Violence1142 Words   |  5 PagesCauses and Consequences There are different reasons and outcomes that come from Intimate Partner Violence. A percentage of the danger components for Intimate Partner Violence are the same and others are typically connected with each other. Concurring to National Institute of Justice, one in five ladies are murdered or seriously harmed by an intimate partner. The deadly or life-debilitating occurrence is ordinarily the first physical brutality that is experienced from their partner (Block, 2003).Read MoreApplying Service Delivery Models Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesU01d1 - Applying Service Delivery Models – Pat Finch * Select two contemporary problems of interest to you. Two contemporary social problems of interest are transitional housing needs for homeless mothers and domestic violence in the African American community. Fischer (2000) wrote homeless families face the economic and personal challenges of sparse employment opportunities, child care and nutrition needs, compounded by the loss of adequate housing. Those with the greatest risk of being unemployedRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence859 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence occurs in all economic, ethnic, and social backgrounds of every society of the world. In Canada, 546, 000 men suffer from domestic violence; that equates to 6% of the male population (Family Violence). The number of women who are victimized through intimate violence total around 653, 000; that equates to 7% of the female population (Family Violence). The amount of abuse being directed towards men is essentially the same amount that is directed towards women. However, the familyRead MoreHow Domestic Violence Affects Children As Well As The Mental Health Of Its Victims1744 Words   |  7 Pagesa historical background on domestic violence, a historical perspective of the services provided and an overview of different forms of domestic violence. The goal of this literature review is to examine the statistical information that is presented as it relates to domestic violence. This literature review will also reveal how domestic violence affects children as well as the mental health of its victims. In addition, this chapter will include the Afrocentric perspective and theoretical frameworkRead MoreThesis: Domestic Violence and Credible Source1677 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement Studies have shown that an increasing trend of domestic violence is being perpetrated in heterosexual households. Many of these cases involve the male abusing the female, and the female actively attempting to maintain an outward appearance of normalcy despite the silent suffering. This outward image is nothing but a cover to maintain an illusion to the world that everything is good in the relationship, and also in many cases for fear of further abuse for drawing attention to

Masculinity Ways

Question: Analyse the ways in which contemporary understandings of masculinity as something that is worn, or performed, have influenced literary representations of the male gender. Answer: Masculinity primarily consists of different behaviors, practices, and languages in regards to a specific culture and organization which remains commonly involved with the male culture and thereby is something feminine considering the cultural aspect (Caudwell, 2015). Masculinity thereby satisfies both the aspect which includes the positive and negative aspect of the male dominance (Spence Helmreich, 2014). In a positive approach, masculinity provides the means to understand and identity significations for the males and in a negative approach, they are considered among the viewpoint of the female society. Thus, the theory of masculinity and male behaviors are not primarily considered as the key product of genetic coding or biological predispositions (Schwenger, 2014). Every society has the concern regarding the cultural aspect of gender but everyone does not have the knowledge to accept and understand the concept of masculinity. In the modern age, the term assumes in determining the behavioral results arising from a particular individual. The understanding of the phenomena also helped in the development of several characters in the novels, which clearly depicted the features and role of masculinity in terms of understanding the nature of the male behavior (Franklin II, 2012). In order to build up the concept of individuality, the idea of masculinity has been developed by modern Europe which is supported by the expansion of colonial empires and economic understandings. Masculinity in terms of comparison with the concept of feminism, have been considered as a vague area of discussion . In relation to modern days, a culture that does not treat their men and women equally does not hold the idea to develop the concept of masculinity (Mcfarlane, 2013). The social aspect of masculinity primarily illustrates the attention of the historical specificity and the historical changes. Thus, the construction provided different ways in which masculinity can be acted upon or lived in terms of executing the potential changes associated with the society. The sociological aspect of masculinity primarily provides an overview of men regarding their behaviors, values and perspectives (Gardiner, 2013). Hence, the authors of specific novels have understood the personal and the political factors regarding the desire of gender justice to provide a proper justification. The first wave provided primary concern to deal with the abnormal role of the male performances and the cost to men with whom they remain strictly adhered to the dominant expectations and the ideologies of the masculinity (Gangested Eaton, 2012).. In recent years, a sociologist has become more interested in developing idea regarding the position and experiences of the men with an exten t that particularly helps them in shaping the social and cultural outfit. The rapid shift in the sociology of gender and sexuality thereby led to the establishment of various literary characters in terms of showing the ideologies of men behind the theory of power and masculinity (Seidler, 2013). The sociologists are thereby interested in grasping the knowing the identities, which are constructed, and what impact does it have on the socially prescribed roles primarily dealing with the change in male behavior (Franfin II, 2012). The relationship between masculinity, identity and gender as the social structure has been clearly depicted in the establishment of strong literary characters in the novel Fight Club written by Chuck Palahniuk and the Swimming Pool Library Novel written by Alan Hollinghurst (Goodman, 2013). In accordance with the study from the post-structuralism perspective, it can be understood that the masculinity is something that is worn or needs to be performed for determining the various aspects of the male behaviors associated with the sociology of understanding the meaning of masculinity in terms of shaping an individual character. Thus, the importance of masculinity in understanding the given process for identifying work provides validation on assessing the role of particular theories associated in terms of shaping the character of a particular individual (McCormack, 2013). The difference has also been significantly pointed out by the differences produced in understanding the sexual orientation but also includes the forms of ethnicity and embodiment in terms of variations in the cultural and national aspect of the masculine performance. As Because individuals do not possess any fixed biological identity, any sense of self can come out through the working for achieving a sense of belongingness in context to the present social world (Cobler Smith). Hence, the process of belongingness is not considered as an authentic process as far as the men masculine performances are considered as a central point in achieving entry into a particular community of men. This primarily emphasizes on the fact that masculinity is something that needs to be focused in order to provide a clear demarcation between the individuals (Cohler Smith, 2013). The desire of belongingness thus creates both gender and an individuals sense of self in terms of masculinity is understood. The association of men and masculinity suggests that both have a direct link to influence a wider field of social and cultural transformations. The question of identity once again emerged because whether masculinity provides knowledge on the idea associated with the key dynamic of the private and the public in terms of considering the emotional as well as the rational values (Anderson, 2012). A claim provided suggestion on the fact that men and masculinities are in immense crises, which are constantly and vociferously changing considering the prime nature of the crisis associated with masculinity (Berberich, 2013). The idea that masculinity provides is in the state of deep crisis and is widely accepted as a real fact. Then again, the same case is repeated which assumed to exist in different forms and may be regarded as representation of the masculinity itself (Gangested Eaton, 2012). Thus, masculinity has certainly become unfashionable and the huge crisis has been primarily created by a reversal in the value of male and female traits. Being logical, disciplined and rational, every single trait in masculinity has been marked as a factor concerning with the emotional, spontaneous, expressive and compassionate way of increasing the maturity and health (Wade Rochlen, 2013). Masculinity and manliness is considered as the major theme in the novel- Fight Club. The first passage from the book that has been chosen in context to the given essay provides a brief idea regarding the fact the narrator is at a support for testicular cancer and is in the clutches of Bob, one of the central characters of the book (Wartenberg, 2013). The quotations from the books significantly explain the phenomena of masculinity associated with the plot and circumstances of the novel (Gangested Eaton, 2012). Thus, after gaining a brief knowledge, it can be clearly stated that there has been an obvious significance of the fact that there is a group of men with testicular cancer and out of them many has also lost their testicles. This provided a heavy impact on them thereby making them feel empty (Wegner, 2015). The removal of testicles created concern over the fact that their manhood is lost and they have been missing the element by which they will be regarded as men (Seidler, 2013) . The male organ has been predominant throughout the text representing the group of testicular cancer and the threat to castration has been sued as strongest weapon for those in the mayhem project uses. Thus, it is clearly justified with the title of the given essay that masculinity is considered as something, which is worn (Seidler, 2013). From the novel, it can be also concluded that whenever someone provides a threat for the project mayhem they were not killed, rather they have been shown with a bigger knife and a rubber band. This posed a bigger threat for the people as after death, the people were locked with Bob (Gangested Eaton, 2012) The second piece from the novel used in page 141 provides an example of the fact how God is used as a symbol of masculinity and another father figure. It has been considered that a boys father is considered as an example and role model for defining the real meaning and understanding of masculinity ( Alt et al. 2014). In context with the given novel, it has also been considered that a boy without a father and without God have not been considered as a model for manliness and thus shall need to spend their life in searching of manliness (Gangested Eaton, 2012). Thus, the novel represents a notion that primarily emphasize on the masculinity and manliness in its own underground society bordering a culture and status. Men were asked to seek out these underground groups as the example of cancer support group provided in the novel shall join in an attempt to be around other men and discover what particularly it means to become a man (Seidler, 2013). The use of ambiguous narrator primarily i llustrates how the gender does not matter. The novel Fight Club thus provided with the useful information in discovering the exact meaning of what is meant to be a man (Brennan, 2015). Thus, the novel helped in establishing the central flaw in men who is seeking to be manly and thereby provides the reason contributing to the lack of self-acceptance and self-awareness (Corneilee et al. 2012). They are men and have the entire ingredient that compliments with the definition of being manly. The male characters thus associated with the novel Fight Club provided a great example in a way the society conformed rejection to them and thus helped in establishing the fact that masculinity has a direct influence on determining the characteristics of being a man and thus needs to be worn for the contemporary understanding (Gangestad Eastod, 2013). Thus, the novel helped in exploring the struggle associated with the masculine identity. The novel also helped in highlighting how the Fight Club provided a temporary relief to the men from their daily life, which made them think that they are powerless (Levant Richmond, 2016). The participants believed in the fact that the frustrations associated with their daily life will get vanished in a way if they are being to showcase their power which will help in reviving their masculinity that has been lost. Thus, with the visible comments and justification, the author has successfully led to the establishment of the characters which helped in providing the knowledge regarding the vision of thinking of the men regarding masculinity is considered (Alt et al. 2014). In the novel, The Swimming Pool written by Allan Hollinghurst helps in discussing the framework of the masculinity in terms of understanding the male characteristics. The author has primarily constructed to display the domination of the novels central narrator who has been represented in terms of homosexual and homo-social desire (Johnson, 2014). The narrator has thus explained the various facts and monopoly surrounding the masculinity of the gay society and thereby helped in developing the central character surrounding a gay, sub-metropolitan, secluded and safe world, which exists in the big city and holds offer sin that particular city to which the person has been associated (Mc Cormack, 2012). The world of the novel describes the masculinity and the world of the homosexual desires. The narrator goes around the males cycle in order to quench the homosexual desires and thereby the subject of women was not mentioned anywhere in the novel. The novel thereby helps in describing the hom osexual masculinity by building diaries and memories of Lord Charles Nantwich in the novel (Johnson, 2014). The novel also emphasized on developing a historical recollection of the homosexuality masculinity that existed from the beginning of the century. Thus, the novel helped in building up literary representation of the male gender that is primarily defined through their sexual orientation and homosexuality (Edwards, 2012). Analyzing of the different characters in accordance with the play thereby provides important information regarding the authentic purpose and factors associated for portraying the masculinity associated with the given novel. William Beckwith is considered as one of the major characters of the novel, the Swimming Pool and is undoubtedly regarded as the hero of the novel. On developing the central character of the novel, William Beckwith has been portrayed as a 25-year-old, sexually active male belonging to an aristocratic background. He loiters around and passes the time without having any aim in life. The author created the framework of the character in such a way that primarily emphasized on the homosexual masculinity nature (Gangested Eaton, 2012).. The analysis of the character provides information regarding the role of masculinity over the establishment of the character (Johnson, 2014). The character has been described as a figure with much that does not have any direction even though he has been coming from the upper-class background in relation to health and wealth. These are the credentials and the facts for which he has been portrayed as extremely attractive and sporty and it helped him to becom e extremely self-confident to a point of self-importance (Seidler, 2013). However, the present temperament concerning the self is not considered as a means of productive fashion. Through the demonstration of the aristocratic background, he has already inherited a part of his grandfathers fortune, which helped in making him financially independent (Wagner, 2015). His masculinity is not based on any workplace and thus, he does not have to strive for a career nor for money. Thus, the author used the element of masculinity to form the character and thus portrayed it as a figure having everything around him and who had no family to provide the necessary support. Thus, there will be no ties attached to him that would force him to change the way he leads his lifestyle. The heterosexual world of men makes him puzzled as he his character was primarily based on the element of homosexual masculinity (Seidler, 2013). The lifestyle of the workers from the surrounding areas of the city differ far from the lifestyle of the central character surrounding William and thus from the narrators point of view the workers have considered as an alien breed. In developing knowledge during the course of the novel study, the author provides a strong and powerful description regarding the patriarchal and the heterosexual system and thereby displays a strong tendency of homophobic masculinity (Mc Farlane, 2013). Hatred and acceptance of the heterosexual community have been exposed thoroughly in the novel. Thus, the author helps in explaining the underlining facts that have been discovered by William and thereby acts upon the homosexual masculinity at a very early age. On understanding, the title the Swimming Pool the reader will help in developing knowledge regarding the perfect environment of the bodily pleasures (Spence Helmreich, 2014). The novel thus leads to the establishment of a central character that primarily emphasize on the development of the well being of a particular individual associated with the sexual activities and explaining the experiences of the homosexual male self (Gangested Eaton, 2012). The establishment of the character primarily emphasized on the factor masculinity that helped in providing the dominance over the other factors in terms when masculinity is concerned. An obligatory to the aristocratic upper class, William also enjoyed the same education as his alter ego Lord Charles Nantwich received (Johnson, 2014). The author also added a valuable point, which helped in showing the characters upper-class background that seems to evoke the self-confidence of the central character. The character might remain in vein but he is wealthy and has intense self-confidence that provides to the development and establishment of the central character (Schwenger, 2014). William is not only wealthy but also suffers from a homosexual masculinity that has been underlined by the author as a self-reflective statement (Spence, 2014). The characteristics thus described contribute in describing regarding the vital point of masculinity that helped the central character to provide dominance upon others who were considered inferior in response to others. Thus, the novel has clearly helped to develop the idea regarding the sexual long-term relationships surrounding the central character William. William thus showcases the dominant role in relationship either through the help of sexuality or intellectual He has also been considered as a person who preferred teenaged lovers and liked their inexperiences (Edwards, 2012). The establishment of the second literary character in the novel also underlined the feature of masculinity. Lord Charles Nantwich played the character of alter ego of William Beckwith. He also enjoyed the same aristocracy as William enjoyed and faced many problems concerning the role model of the heterosexual masculinity (Seidler, 2013). All great men formed the part of his childhood and thus primarily emphasized on his homosexual masculinity. The homosexuality desire and the love for men become so strong that it formed a crucial part for the rest of the life (Levant Richmond, 2016) Both William and Charles were given the best possible education and one of the primary concern of the institutes is that male model was formed as part of role models in the institute that primarily provided an example on men who became prominent leaders either in economics, politics, and society (Stotzer Shih, 2012). Although the character formed the part of the British molding mechanism, his homosexual orientation made him take different turns, which helped in explaining about the masculinity of the homosexual and heterosexual dominance (Gangested Eaton, 2012). Thus, the opposition found the climax in the anti gay mood. Thus, the character has never been portrayed as patriarch. After completing his higher education, he has undergone personal desire for the African. Thus, even though his sexuality would down grade him if it has been made public, he holds a higher position in the society due to his high political status. Thus, this masculine attitude of the epoch never became a part of the Charles (Johnson, 2014) Thus, from the present essay topic in can be formulated that culture helps in reshaping the sense of manhood by evaluating the masculinity that is draped over the body and not drawn from the inner sources. The essay also helped in developing and analyzing the ways in which the contemporary understanding of the masculinity is regarded as something that is worn and not performed. Thus, understanding the phenomena of masculinity has also influenced the literary presentations of the male genders in two well-known novels namely The Fight Club and the Swimming Pool Library.